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''La Violencia'' ((:la βjoˈlensja), The Violence) was the ten-year (1948–58) period of civil war in Colombia, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party whose respective supporters fought most battles in the rural countryside. 〔 p. 68, ''Both Livingstone and Stokes quote a figure of 200,000 dead between 1948–1953 (Livingstone) and "a decade war" (Stokes)'' * ''Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959'' *“Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the ‘War of the Thousand Days’, a civil war at the turn of the 20th century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000. . . .”〕〔“On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices, in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called ''La Violencia'' (The Violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958.”〕 "La Violencia" is considered to have begun with the 9 April 1948 assassination of the politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, a Liberal Party presidential candidate (for the election in November 1949) who was very popular; his political murder provoked the ''Bogotazo'' rioting that lasted for ten hours and killed some 5,000 people. An alternative historical perspective of ''La Violencia'' proposed 1946 as the start of the violence, the year when the Conservatives returned to government power (see here); when rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia; a civil war for control of the country’s agricultural land.〔 "La Violencia" is estimated to have cost the lives of at least 200,000 people.〔Britannica, 15th edition, 1992 printing 〕〔Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997) 〕〔Grenville, J. A. S., A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1994) 〕 ==Development== ''La Violencia'' occurred among the paramilitary forces of the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Conservative Party, who organized as armed self-defense groups and as guerrilla military units. Each combatant party to the civil warfare fought against the paramilitary forces of the Colombian Communist Party, and also maintained constant aggressions against each other. The reigning chaos and the lack of security in rural areas during the years of ''La Violencia'' caused an estimated millions of people to abandon their homes and properties. Media and news services failed to cover events accurately for fear of revenge attacks. The lack of public order and civil authority prevented victims from laying charges against perpetrators. Documented evidence from these years is rare and fragmented. The vast majority of the Colombian population at time was Catholic. Much of the press released during the conflict reported that Church authorities supported the Conservative Party. Although unproven, several priests were accused of openly encouraging murder of the political opposition during Mass, including the Santa Rosa de Osos Bishop Miguel Ángel Builes. No formal charges were ever presented and no official statements were made by the Vatican or the Board of Bishops. These events were recounted in the 1950 book ''Lo que el cielo no perdona'' ("What heaven doesn't forgive"), written by the secretary to Builes, Father Fidel Blandon. Eduardo Caballero Calderón also recounted these events in his 1952 book ''El Cristo de Espaldas'' (Backwards Christ). After releasing the book, Blandon resigned from his position and assumed a fake identity as Antonio Gutiérrez. However, he was eventually identified and legally charged and prosecuted. As a result of "La Violencia", there were no liberal candidates for the presidency, congress, or any public corporations in the 1950 elections. The press accused the government of pogroms against the opposition. Censorship and reprisals were common against journalists, writers, and directors of news services, causing many members of the media to flee the country. These included the director of ''Crítica'' magazine Jorge Zalamea fleeing to Buenos Aires, Luis Vidales to Chile, Antonio Garcia to La Paz, and Gerardo Molina to Paris. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「La Violencia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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